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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



THE 



BIBLE CATECHIST 



AN INSTRUCTION 



BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION FOR THE YOUNG 



XPE 



BY XPE 

Rev. W. H. gill, D.D. 

Author of "The Temple Opened " 




Jy I 

PHILADELPHIA ^ 

PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION 
AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK 

No. 1334 Chestnut Street 



"BSdiOt 

.GrE- 



COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY 

THE TRUSTEES OF THE 

PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION 
AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK. 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



Westcott & Thomson, 
Stereotypers and Eleclrotypers, Philada. 



PREFACE. 



This little work is on the plan of the author's guide to 
the Book, "The Temple Opened." and is an instruction in 
Biblical introduction for the young. The favor with which 
the larger work has been received by the clergy and the laity 
alike, led the author to believe that a miniature work of the 
same character might prove useful as an aid in the religious 
education of the rising generation. In this judgment the 
Board of Publicatiun has concurred, and hence the issue 
of the Catechist with its imprimatur. 

The great importance of putting our youth in actual pos- 
session of such instruction as is herein contained, needs no 
emphasis at the hands of the author. This is conceded hy 
all ; and it only remains therefore with parents and relig- 
ious educators in general to see that what is so essential shall 
be actually accomplished. 

The Catechist has been prepared with reference to its use 
in the Sunday-school, both by the teacher in the class and 
by the sui)erintendent in general Bible drills. Put a Cate- 
chist in the hands of each scholar, and, with ordinary dili- 
gence, its contents may be mastered in about a year, and 
thus be laid a solid foundation for a subsequent and intelli- 
gent study of the Book of books. 
3 



4 PREFACE. 

Though the Catechist is published by the Presbyterian 
Board, it can be safely used by any other denomination, as 
there is nothing sectarian taught in it. It contains only 
facts about the Bible and its books which every Christian 
should know. 

The author has in preparation a Bible Primer, or a Cate- 
chism in Scripture history, which, while designed immedi- 
ately for young children and primary classes, will be found, 
he hopes, to be of service to such adult persons as are 
not familiar with the truths taught therein. 

W. H. (Jr. 

Philadelphia, 1893. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 



THE BIBLE AND OTHER SACRED BOOKS. 

1. What is the Bible f 

The book sacred to Christians, containing, as it does, the 
inspired records of the Christian religion. 

2, Why is this book, sacred to Christians, called the 
Bible? 

It is so called by way of eminence, because it is the best 
of books. The word bible means book ; any book therefore 
is a bible, but the book sacred to Christians is called the 
Bible, because it is the Book of books. 

3- What are some of the other names by which this sacred 
volume is known ? 

It is called "The Word," "The Word of God," "The 
Scriptures," "The Holy Scriptures," and "Holy Writ"— 
titles which indicate its source and nature, and the rever- 
ence due to the book as such. 

^. Is the Christian s Bible the only book in the world 
regarded as sacred ? 

No ; every false religion has its own bible or book, which 
its devotees regard as sacred, even as Christians do theirs. 

5. What are the other prominent books of the laorld 
which are regarded as sacred? 

The Koran, the bible of the Mohammedans ; the Zend- 
Avesta, the bible of the Persians ; the Shasters and the 
Vedas, the sacred books of India ; the writings of Confu- 
cius and the books of Buddha, which are regarded as 

5 



6 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

sacred by tlie Chinese, Japanese and other Asiatics ; and 
the book of Mormon in our own country. 

6. What is the radical difference between other so-called 
sacred hooks and our Bible f 

Our Bible is given by inspiration of Grod, and is there- 
fore of divine origin and authority; while the so-called 
sacred books of other religions are uninspired — simply the 
product of the minds of the men who wrote them — and are 
therefore in themselves destitute of any divine authority or 
warrant. Our Bible is the one book which claims God 
as its author, unmixed truth for its contents and salvation 
for its end. 

7. How may the superiority of our Bible over the other 
so-called sacred booJcs of the world he shown ? 

By the men it makes, the character it produces, and the 
civilization it develops. Witness in these respects the vast 
difference between those people and countries where our 
Bible is supreme and those where the other so-called sacred 
books exercise dominion. Compare Europe with Asia, or 
North America with South America. By its fruits the 
Bible is known, as is every tree. 

8. What authority do Protestants ascribe to the Bible ? 
The supreme authority in morals and religion, in Church 

and in State. To them the Bible, and the Bible alone, is 
the onlymfallible rule of faith and practice. 

9. Why do Protestants accord to the Bible this supreme 
authority f 

Because it is the Word of God. To them, in and through 
it, God speaks, making known his will ; its authority there- 
fore is to them the authority of God, as its voice to them is 
the voice of God. 

THE BIBLE AS A BOOK. 

10. What is peculiar about the Bible as a booh f 

It is not a single book or volume, but a collection of vol- 



I 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 7 

limes — a library, in fact, composed of sixti/stx volumes — 
embracing almost everj^ varietj' of literature — biography, 
history, poetry, law, letters, political economy, military 
annals, morals and theology. The early Christians spoke 
of the various parts of the sacred volume as ' ' The Books, ' ' 
and it was not till the thirteenth century that the whole 
came to be called, as it now is, "The Bible." 

11. Were the hooks of the Bible icntten at one tmie, or at 
long intervals ; by one person^ or by many authors? 

They were not written at one time nor by one person, like 
other so-called sacred books, but are the product of at least 
forty diiferent authors who lived at periods very remote 
from each other, the length of time embraced in their com- 
position being about sixteen hundred years. 

12. How does the Bible compare with other boohs as to 
age? 

If we except the literature of ancient Egypt and Assyria, 
portions of which are being uncovered by modern explora- 
tions, the Bible contains in the books of Job and of Moses, 
if not the oldest, certainly among the most ancient extant 
literary compositions in the world. 

13. Were the books of the Bible always divided info chap- 
ters and verses as they are now ? 

No ; such division is of comparatively recent date, and is 
wholly without inspired authority or warrant ; and, while in 
many respects exceedingly useful, as it not infrequently 
obscures the sense it should be ignored in the reading and 
study of the Word. 

14. In what languages loere the books of the Bible origi- 
nally written ? 

The Old Testament books were originally almost wholly 
written in Hebrew; while those of the New Testament 
were entirely in Greek. 

15. When and by ivhom loere the books of the Bible first 
translated into English ? 



8 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Bj^ Wyckliffe, about five hundred years ago — one hundred 
years before the discovery of America, and before the inven- 
tion of printing. The first printed edition of the Bible in 
Enghsh was pubhshed by Tyndale more than one hundred 
years later, in the early years of the second quarter of the 
sixteenth century (1526-32). 

16. When and hy whom ivas the version of the Bible in 
common use translated into English ? 

Between the j^ears 1607 and 1611, by men appointed for 
the purpose by James I. of England ; whence it is com- 
monly called King James' Version. 

17. Has there been any other version of the Bible made 
since that of King James ? 

Yes; there is what is known as the Revised Version, 
which was made by representative biblical scholars of Eng- 
land and America, and published, the New Testament in 
1880, and the Old Testament five years later, in 1885. This 
version, though most excellent in many respects and of 
great value as an aid to the meaning of the sacred text, has 
not become a favorite with the common people. 

HISTORIES IN THE BIBLE. 

18. What, in a ivord, is the great subject of the Bible f 
Redemption, the divine method of the salvation of sinful 

man. As a whole the sacred volume may best be described 
as a History (containing the inspired records) of Redemption. 

19. What special histories are embraced in this Histoi-y 
of Redemption f 

The history of the whole race from Adam to Abraham 
(universal history) during a period of two thousand years ; 
the history of the Jews, the descendants of Abraham, 
during a period of fifteen hundred years ; the history of 
the Redeemer, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, embra- 
cing His hfe of thirty-three years ; and the history of the 
apostolic era, or the planting of the Christian Church 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 9 

in the world, covering the last two-thirds of the first 
Christian century; — the pre-Abrahamic or universal his- 
tory; the history of the Jews; the history of the Re- 
deemer ; and the history of the planting of the Christian 
Church. 

20. In what portion of the sacred volume are these histo- 
ries respectively to he found? 

The pre-Abrahamic or universal history is to be found in 
the first eleven chapters of Genesis ; the history of the 
Jews, Abraham's descendants, embraces all the remaining 
parts (nearly the whole) of the Old Testament ; the history 
of the Redeemer is to be found in the Gospels ; and that 
of the planting of the Christian Church in the world, in the 
Acts and Epistles. 

21. Why is so large a part of the Bible taken up with a 
history of the Jevos^ Abraham s descendants ? 

Because, as our Lord said to the woman of Samaria 
(John 4: 22), "Salvation is of the Jews." By them the 
knowledge of Jehovah, the one living and true God, was 
preserved in the world, and of them, as concerning His 
human nature, our Redeemer, Christ, came. For this pur- 
pose they were raised up and chosen of God. 

22. Who was Abraham? 

The father of the chosen people, and the head of the 
great spiritual household of faith — " the father of all them 
that believe ' ' of all peoples and races. 

23. What are the three na^nes, in their historical order, by 
which Abraham and his descendants are known ? 

They were known first as Hebrews — that is, immigrants, 
the people from beyond the river, the river Euphrates, 
where was Abraham's native home; second, as Israelites, 
the covenant name of the chosen people, so called from Jacob, 
the grandson of Abraham, whose name was changed to 
Israel, "a prince of God," and who was the father of the 
"twelve tribes" of which the Israehtish nation was com- 



10 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

posed ; and third, as Jews, tlie name by which all the sur- 
viving descendants of Jacob have been commonly known 
(irrespective of their tribal relations) since their return from 
the Babylonian exile — Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews. 

THE BIBLE IN ITS PARTS. 

21^,. What do the Scriptures principally teach ? 

What man is to believe concerning God, and what duty 
God requires of man ; that is, faith and works, or doctrine 
and duty. 

25. What is the honor due respectively to the wmtten and 
the incarnate Word? 

As the voice of God speaking to man, we bow to the 
authority of the one ; while as God manifest in the flesh, 
we worship the other. 

26. What are the two grand divisions of the Bible f 

The Old and the New Testament ; that is to say, these two 
grand divisions contain the inspired records of God's former 
method and present plan of dispensing the grace of salva- 
tion to sinful men. 

27. What are the great dispensations under which God 
has been pleased to convey the grace of salvation to sinful 
men ? 

There are three: the Patriarchal, the Mosaic, and the 
Christian dispensation. 

THE OLD TESTAMENT. 

28. What is the nature of the Old Testament division of 
the Bible? 

It contains the literature of the Hebrew people— the 
inspired records of the Israelitish nation, the channel of 
salvation to the Gentile world. 

29. Of how many separate books is the Old Testament 
composed ? 

In our English Bibles, thirty-nine ; in the Hebrew, how- 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 11 

ever, being divided differently, the number is not so great. 
These thirty-nine books constitute the sacred hbrary of Old 
Testament literature. 

. 30. How are these thirty-nine Old Testament hooJcs com- 
monly grouped or classified? 

Under four heads, called respectively the Pentateuch, the 
Historical, the Poetical and the Prophetical division. 

31. How many of the thirty-nine hooJcs are contained in 
each of these divisions f 

In the Pentateuch, 5 ; in the Historical division, 12 ; in 
the Poetical, 5 ; and in the Prophetical, 17. 

THE PENTATEUCH. 

32. Why is the first division of the Old Testament called 
the Pentateuch f 

The word" itself is composed of tvro Greek words which 
mean five books, and the first five books of the Old Testa- 
ment are called the Pentateuch, or the five-volnmed book, 
called by the Jews the Thorah or the Law, because so 
large a part of the books is taken \ip with the laws and 
institutions to which they owed their existence as a nation. 

33. Who was the writer of the Pentateuch ? 

It has been the common belief of the Church, Jewish 
and Christian alike, that Moses was the inspired author of 
this part of the sacred volume. 

SJf. What do we learn from the Pentateuch concerning the 
Hebrew people ? 

It tells us of their origin, growth and organization into a 
nation, and of their history as a people during the first forty 
years of their existence as an organized body. 

33. What was the peculiar form of the government of the 
Hebrew people f 

It was a theocracy — the form of government in which 
Jehovah himself was at once Sovereign, Lawgiver and 



12 THE BIBLE CATECHTST. 

divine Administrator, carrying on His operations through 
persons and agencies chosen by Himself. In these respects 
the Hebrew people differed from all the other nations of 
the earth. 

56. Has the theocracy become extinct in the earth f 

No ; though the Hebrew people have no longer an exist- 
ence as a nation, the Christian Church is the successor of 
ancient Israel, and its members, in so far as they are truly 
Christian, are the theocratic people of this era. 

57. What are the names by which the Pentateuchal books 
are comm.onIy known ? 

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. 

GENESIS. 

38. Why is the first booh of the Bible and of the Penta- 
teuch called Genesis ? 

Genesis means origin, the beginning of anything; and 
Genesis is the book of origins, the beginnings of all things. 

39. Is the name Genesis sufficiently broad to cover the con- 
tents of the entire booh ? 

No ; the title only properly applies to the story of the 
Creation, while all the rest of the book is the history, out- 
come or development of the things brought into being 
during the creative week. 

J^0. What is the scojw of the history in Genesis? 

While it is universal in its character up to the calling of 
Abraham, embracing a fragmentary account of the entire 
human family for two thousand years, from this point it 
narrows down and confines itself to the history of this illus- 
trious patriarch and his immediate descendants during a 
period of some three hundred and fifty years. The uni- 
versal history is but an introduction to and preparation for 
the particular or theocratic history which follows. 

41. Mow, according to its contents, may the first fifth of 
the Pentateuch be fitly designated ? 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 13 

It may be called Genesis ; or, the book of the Patriarchs, 
the ancestors of the Hebrew people. Hence in Genesis we 
have the origin of the elect nation. 

Jt2. What was the distinguishing characteristic of the dis- 
pensation inaugurated in Abraham f 

Separation ; he was to leave his country and kindred, 
that he might become the father of a mighty race, which 
was in turn to be a "holy nation," the "peculiar people" 
of God. 

JfS. How long is the dispensation inaugurated in Abra- 
ham designed to last ? 

To the end of the world, the consummation of all things, 
when the final and complete separation shall take place 
between the righteous and the wicked at the judgment of 
the great day. 

4-4. Into how many eras may this great Abrahamic age 
he divided? 

Three : the Patriarchal era. or that of the separate family ; 
the National era, or the period of the separate Hebrew 
people; and the Christian era, or the times of the Gen- 
tiles, the period of the separate Church. The Family, the 
Nation, the Church — these are the three great eras of the 
Abrahamic age. 

Jf5. Which of these eras falls within the scope of Genesis f 

The Patriarchal, which begins with the call of Abraham, 
and ends with the death of Joseph — a period of about three 
hundred and fifty years. 

Jt6. At what time did the call of Abraham take place ? 

About the year of the world 2000 ; that is, at a point 
midway between Adam and Christ ; about the same length 
of time before Christ as has now elapsed since His advent. 

47'. WJie)^e do we find the posterity of Abraham at the close 
of Genesis? 

In Egypt, where, according to the plan of God, they 
were to become a great nation. 



14 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

J{8, How many did Abraham's descendants number when 
they went down to Egypt^ and who were they f 

Seventy souls in all — viz. : Jacob and his twelve sons and 
their children. Neither theu' wives nor their servants are 
reckoned in the number. 

Jt^. What are the names of the twelve sons of Jacob f 

Reuben, Simeon, Levi and Judah, Issachar and Zebulun 
(sons of Leah) ; Dan and Naphtali (sons of Zilpah, Leah's 
maid) ; Grad and Asher (sons of Bilhah, Rachel's maid) ; and 
Joseph and Benjamin (the sons which Jacob's beloved wife 
Rachel bore to him). These twelve sons of Jacob are the 
twelve patriarchs whence sprung the twelve-tribed nation, 
the Israelitish people, the Jews. 

50. Through which of these twelve sons of Jacob was the 
promised Seed, the Christ, to comef 

Judah, the fourth son. The line of descent was thus : 
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Judah. 

51. WJmt period of time is covered by the book of Gen- 
esis? 

About 2350 years. Thus, at the close of only the first 
book of the sixty-six of which the sacred volume is com- 
posed we are more than half-way through the Bible in 
point of time. For from the creation of Adam to the 
death of Joseph in Egypt there are considerably more than 
2000 years ; and from Moses to John in Patmos, who wrot€ 
the last book of the New Testament, there are as many 
years less than 2000 as there are more than that num- 
ber covered by the book of G-enesis ; that is, nearly 400 
years. 

52. Who are the three leading characters in the booh of 
Genesis ? 

Adam, the first head of the human family ; Noah, the 
second head of the race ; and Abraham, the father of the 
Hebrew people and the head of the great spiritual house- 
hold of faith. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 15 

53. To what class of literature does Genesis as a hook 
belong ? 

History ; that is, tlie contents of the book are historical ; 
but they are history in the form of biography, by far the 
larger number of events recorded in the book having indi- 
viduals for their centre. Genesis may therefore be said to 
be a book of biography. 

54. What are the great pivotal events in the hook of Gen- 
esis, in their historical order ? 

The Creation, the Fall, the Flood, the Confusion of 
Tongues, the Calling of Abraham, the Birth of Isaac the 
child of promise, and the Descent of Jacob and his family, 
Abraham's descendants, into Egypt. 

EXODUS. 

55. How does Genesis as a hook compare with Exodus f 
Because of the fullness and richness of its contents Grene- 

sis may truly be said to be a wonderful book ; while Exodus, 
because of the peculiar nature of its contents, may as truly 
be said to be a book of wonders. It is full of the super- 
natural — no other book is more so. 

56. How may Exodus itself as a hook he described f 

As pre-eminently the book of Grod — Jehovah. From 
beginning to end His voice is heard. His hand is seen, His 
person is manifested. It contains more august divine dis- 
closures or visible manifestations of deity than any other of 
the books which compose the Old Testament. 

57. What great truth concerning Jehovah do the con- 
tents of Exodus demonstrate ? 

His universal sovereignty and supremacy over all that is 
called Grod. The sovereignty of Jehovah, and Jehovah 
as Sovereign — these two points cover the contents of this 
second fifth of the Pentateuch. 

58. In ivhat peculiar character does God manifest Him- 
self to His own people in Exodus ? 



16 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

In Genesis God had made Himself known to the patri- 
archs as Father and Friend, Protector and Guide ; but in 
Exodus He reveals Himself to His people as Redeemer and 
Saviour. In Genesis He appears as the great Promiser ; in 
Exodus He is seen as Jehovah, the great Performer — the 
covenant-keeping God. 

59. Why is the hook of Exodus so called f 

Exodus means a going out or departure, and the book is 
so called because it contains an account of the wondrous 
deliverance of the children of Israel from the land of 
Egypt. 

60. Is Exodus a title sufficiently comprehensive to cover 
the whole contents of the hook ? 

No; like Genesis, it is too narrow, covering, as it does, 
only the first half of the contents of the book ; and, the 
second part being so unlike the first, it is difficult, if not 
impossible, to find any single term to embrace the whole. 

61. What is the nature of the contents of Exodus ? 

The first part is wholly historical, while the second part 
is about equally divided between that which is historical 
and that which is apocalyptic ; that is, between that which 
recounts the doings of the people and that which records 
the sajnngs or revelations of Jehovah Himself. 

62. What is the central point in the hook of Exodus ? 
Mount Sinai in Arabia, the point to which God led the 

'Children of Israel after their deliverance from Egypt, and 
the scene of the giving of the law. Indeed, Sinai may be 
regarded as the central point of the entire Pentateuch. All 
that precedes leads up to it and is a preparation for it, while 
all that follows is but the outcome of what there took place. 

63. What IS the difference hetween the condition in which 
we leave the Israelites in Genesis and that in ivhich ice find 
them in Exodus f 

In Genesis we leave them in prosperity and honor; in 
Exodus, 150 years later, we find them in a state of galling 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 17 

servitude. Entering the south country as princes, they be- 
came slaves ; the land of Egypt became to them a house 
of bondage. 

6Jf. How was the deliverance of the children of Israel 
from the Egyptian bondage effected? 

By the direct interposition of God Jehovah in their be- 
half, Who, through the agency of His servant Moses, whom 
He raised up and qualified for the purpose, by a series of 
plagues, ten in number, compelled the unwilling monarch 
Pharaoh to let His people go. 

65. What were the Ten Plagues of Egypt f 

Turning the water into blood ; frogs ; lice ; flies ; mur- 
rain of cattle ; boils ; fire and hail ; locusts ; darkness ; and 
the last and most terrible, the death of all the first-born of 
man and beast in all the houses of the Egyptians. 

66. What religious ordinance was instituted in connection 
with the Exodus f 

The Passover. By direction of God the Hebrew people 
in their respective families slew a lamb, whose blood was 
sprinkled on the door-posts and lintels as a sign to the de- 
stroying angel, when going on his errand of death, to pass 
over those houses whereon was this evidence of faith and 
obedience. The ordinance which was thus instituted as a 
means of the salvation of Israel was to be annually observed 
as a memorial of the event throughout all their future gen- 
erations. 

67. Hoio did Jeho vah conduct His people out of Egypt ? 
He went before them in a pillar of cloud by day, and by 

night in a pillar of fire, to lead them in the way. 

68. What was the final act hy which the deliverance of 
the Hebrew people from the bondage of Egypt was com- 
pleted f 

The dividing of the Bed Sea, through which the Hebrew 
people passed on dry ground ; and the which, when the 
Egyptians essayed to do, they were drowned. 
2 



18 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

69. What did the people of Israel do after they thus saw 
their deliverance so loonderfully effected ? 

They sang the song of Moses on the other side of the sea, 
after their passage through the water. In this song is ex- 
tolled the trramph of Jehovah over their former masters 
and pursuers, the Egyptians. 

70. Whence did Jehovah lead His emancipated people 
after the triumphant passage of the Red Sea ? 

Through the wilderness to IMount Sinai, which place they 
reached after a journey or march of about two months. 

71. What were the leading events which took place at 
Sinai, as recorded in Exodus f 

The giving of the Moral Law — the Ten Commandments ; 
the giving of the code of laws which, together with the 
Decalogue, composed the National Covenant, the compact 
between Jehovah and the Hebrew people ; the solemn 
inauguration of the Covenant, and the tabernacle revela- 
tion. The first part of Exodus is historical ; its middle 
part is legislative ; and its latter half is institutional — per- 
taining to the tabernacle and its services. 

72. What sad incident marred the proceedings at Sinai f 
The worship of the golden calf, and the breaking of the 

two tables of the law by Moses, which he cast upon the 
ground in an outburst of indignation at this sign of apos- 
tasy on the part of his people. This lapse on the part of 
the people, with its sad consequences, and their restoration 
to the divine favor, and how it was effected, are recorded in 
chapters 32-34 inclusive. 

73. How often and how long was Moses in the mount with 
God? 

Twice ; each time extending over a period of forty days 
and nights, and during which seasons he neither ate nor 
drank. 

7 If.. Under lohat general headings may the contents of Ex- 
odus be grouped f 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 19 

Three : Israel in Egypt ; from Egypt to Sinai ; and the 
transactions at Sinai. 

75. What sub-title., in addition to its present name, would 
best indicate the contents of Exodus f 

Owing to the central place the national compact occupies 
among the events in the book, it might be called Exodus ; 
or. the Book of the Covenant, The National Covenant : its 
nature ; the parties to it ; the time when, the place where, 
and the circumstances under which it was entered into, to- 
gether with the obligations and privileges which either accom- 
pany or flow from it. This subject thus distributed would 
suggest and cover the entire contents of this second fifth 
of the Pentateuch. 

THE TABERNACLE. 

76. What was the tabernacle ? 

It was the tent or place of meeting between God and His 
people — at once the palace or earthly dwelling-place of 
Jehovah and the sanctuary for His worship. 

77. What were the three grand divisions of the tabernacle ? 
The outer court, the holy place, and the innermost sanc- 
tuary or the holy of holies. 

78. What teas the furniture of these divisions of the tab- 
ernacle respectively ? 

In the outer court were the brazen altar and the brazen 
laver, the altar of sacrifice for the people, and the place of 
purification for the priests ; in the holy place were the table 
of shew-bread, the golden candlestick, and the altar of 
incense or golden altar; and in the most holy place the 
ark of the covenant, the mercy-seat, and the cherubim 
which sat upon it. 

79. What sacred deposit was placed in the ark of the 
covenant ? 

The two tables of the law, and probably Aaron's rod that 
budded, and the pot of manna. 



20 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

80. What are the three arls of Scripture ? 

Noah's ark, tlie ark in which the child Moses was laid, 
and the ark of the covenant. 

81. Who were the officers in charge of the tabernacle and 
its services? 

The priests, the sons of x\aron. and the Levites, all of 
whom were membei-s of the tribe of Levi, Jacob's third 
son, who were set apart by direction of God for this ser- 
vice. These were ministers of state as we|} as officers of 
rehgion. 

LEVITICUS. 

82. What is the nature of this third fifth of the Penta- 
teuch ? 

It is the priestly book, containing the ritual of the Hebrew 
religion. As the book of the covenant in Exodus contained 
the civil statutes and judgments by which the elect people 
were to be guided in their internal affairs and external rela- 
tions, so the religious laws and institutions given here in 
Leviticus supply what was yet wanting for their complete 
equipment as the people of God. Leviticus, which con- 
tains the ceremonial law, may therefore be described as the 
book of ceremonies or directory of worship of the Hebrew 
people. 

83. Who prescribed these rites and ceremonies of the He- 
breiv religion ? 

•Jehovah Himself Hence, almost the entire book of 
Leviticus is made up of the very words of the supreme 
Law-giver Himself, Moses being only the mediator and 
promulgator thereof. 

84. Were the Jaws in Leviticus delivered from the same 
place as those of Exodus ? 

No ; the ceremonial enactments in Leviticus were given, 
as was fit, from the tabernacle, the tent of propitiation itself, 
at the foot of Mount Sinai, by God, as Saviour ; while the 



THE BIBLE OATECHIST. 21 

civil legislation of Exodus was given from the top of the 
mount by God Jehovah as sovereign. 

85. What is a brief outline of the contents of Leviticus ? 
It contains the laws of sacrifice ; the laws to be observed 

by the priests and Levites, both as to their consecration and 
their official duties ; sanitary laws ; the ceremonies to be ob- 
served in connection with the great Day of Atonement ; the 
fixing of the sacred times of Israel ; and other minor and 
miscellaneous matters. 

86. What is the central chapter and subject in Leviticus ? 
The sixteenth chapter, which treats of the great Day of 

Atonement. Than this there is no more significant chapter 
or subject in all the Old Testament, clearly prefiguring, as 
it does, our Lord's death and resurrection, and His appear- 
ance meantime in the presence of God for us. The greafe 
Day of Atonement was to the Hebrew people what cruci- 
fixion day and its sequel are to the Gentile world. 

87. What were the chief annual festivals of the Hebrew 
people f 

The Passover, which commemorated the deliverance from 
Egypt; Pentecost, or the Feast of 'Weeks (occurring seven 
weeks after the Passover), or the festival of the First- 
Fruits ; and the Feast of Tabernacles and Ingathering, or 
the Harvest Home, the closing festival of the Jewish year. 
At each ot these three annual feasts all male persons over 
twelve years were required to appear before Jehovah. 

88. Is Leviticus an evangelical book f 

Yes ; it is full of the truth that sanctifies and saves. All 
its sacrifices point forward to the one great sacrifice. In 
fact, it may with great propriety be called "The Gospel 
according to Leviticus." It has been pronounced "the 
clearest book of Jewish gospel. ' ' 

89. What book in the New Testament is the hey to Levit- 
icus ? 

The Epistle to the Hebrews. In this book, whose great 



22 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

theme is tlie priesthood of Christ, it is clearly seen how the 
rites and services of the Levitical economy point to Him as 
their antetype and fulfillment. 

90. What are the hey-thoughts of Leviticus ? 

Sacrifice and sanctification ; or, the way to God and the 
walk with God. 

NUMBERS. 

91. Why is this fourth fifth of the Pentateuch called 
Numbers ? 

It is so called from the twofold occurrence of the making 
up the muster-roll of those capable of bearing arms and 
amenable to military duty — the first when the people were 
about to start ofif upon their march to the land of promise, 
and the second at the end of the forty years in the wilder- 
ness. Like the titles of the previous portions of the Penta- 
teuch, " Numbers " is by no means a sufficient index to the 
contents of the entire book. 

92. What is the nature and scope of the contents of this 
hook of Numbers f 

The history contained in it is of a military character, and 
*it gives an account of the marshaling of the people accord- 
ing to their tribes, of their march from Sinai to the borders 
of the promised land, and of the conquest of the territory 
on the east side of Jordan. 

93. How long did the children of Israel linger about 
Mount Sinai f 

About one j^ear, during which time the laws of Exodus 
were given, the tabernacle constructed and erected and the 
laws of Leviticus dictated to Moses. 

9Jf. What are the chief incidents in the story of the march 
from Sinai to Canaan as recorded in Numbers f 

The celebration of the Passover before starting out ; the 
giving of the people quails for food ; the sedition of Miriam 
and Aaron and its punishment ; the report of the spies and 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 23 

the people's rebellion in consequence thereof, and its pun- 
ishment ; the stoning of the Sabbath-breaker ; the rebellion 
of Korali and his company, and its punishment ; the bring- 
ing of water out of the rock at Meribah ; the death of Miriam 
and Aaron, and the appointment of Aaron's successor ; the 
story of the brazen serpent ; the victory over Sihon and 
Og ; the story of Balaam ; the spoiling of the Midianites ; 
and the appointment of Joshua as Moses' successor. 

95. What is a peculiar feature in the contents of the hook 
of Numhers ? 

The alternation of laws, enacted as the emergency arose, 
with the historical narrations. There is a great variety of 
such legislation scattered through this long book. 

96. For what is Kumhers as a hook remarkahle? 

The signal display of God's judgments against sin with 
which the account abounds ; and this not merely in the case 
of the heathen, as Sihon and Og, but toward His own people, 
not even Moses and Aaron escaping the consequences of their 
unfortunate misdemeanors. 

97. What are the chief lessons of the hooh of Numhers ? 
It teaches the sin and evil of unbelief, and that warfare 

is the necessary condition of pilgrimage and possession. 

98. What were the results to the children of Israel of their 
wilderness experience ? 

It gave to them their national unity, their laws and insti- 
tutions, individual liberty, military discipline, and religious 
education. 

99. What is a hrief summary of the hooh of Numhers f 
Forty years of Moses ; or, the Failures and Successes of 

the Church Militant — the Church in the wilderness. 

DEUTERONOMY. 

100. Why is this last fifth of the Pentateuch called Deu- 
teronomy ? 

The word itself means the "second law" or the repetition 



24 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

of the law, and tlie book doubtless takes its name from the 
fact that so large a part of it is taken up with the substan- 
tial reproduction of the laws of Exodus. The title, how- 
ever, is inadequate, seeing that it neither correctlj^ expresses 
the nature, nor covers the whole, of the contents of the 
book. 

101. What then is the nature of this book of Deuteronomy^ 
and how may it he expressed f 

The book is sermonic rather than legislative in its char- 
acter, and may be described as the Lawgiver's Appeal ; or, 
Moses' Farewell Address to his Countrymen. 

102. What is the object of this farewell address of Moses 
to his countrymen ? 

To impress upon the people a sense of their obligation 
to Jehovah their God, Who had so wondrously redeemed 
them, and to urge upon them the duty of obedience to His 
law and faithfulness to His covenant. 

103. How does Moses, as preacher, proceed in effecting his 
object in this farewell address ? 

He first recounts their history, then recalls their laws, 
and finally reminds the people of the solemn compact or 
covenant into which they had entered with Jehovah at 
Sinai, soon after their deliverance from the bondage of 
Egypt. This address, which is divided into these three 
sections, takes up the first thirty chapters of the book. 

lOJ/,. What are the other chief matters contained in the 
remaining part of this booh of Deuteronomy? 

Moses' charge to Joshua, his dying song, and his blessing 
the twelve tribes as Jacob had blessed the heads thereof; 
the account of his death and burial ; the whole being con- 
cluded with a brief eulogy of the great lawgiver. 

105. What service did this book of Deuteronomy render to 
our Lord f 

He found in it the arrows with which He repelled the 
assaults of Satan in His temptation in the wilderness. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 25 

106. What k the great lesson Moses endeavored to impress 
upon his people in the hook of Deuteronomy f 

It is that obedience is the condition of the divine ftivor 
and of the permanent possession of the promised land. 

107. What p)eriod of time is embraced in the pentateuchal 
story f 

From the creation of Adam to the death of Moses — 
according to the common chronology, about 2500 years. 

THE HISTORICAL BOOKS. 

108. How many and what are the books of the historical 
division of the Old Testament ? 

They are twelve in number as they stand in our English 
Bible : Joshua, Judges, and Euth ; the three doubles — the 
Samuels, the Kings, and the Chronicles ; Ezra, Nehemiah, 
and Esther. 

109. Are not the pentateuchal boolxS historical^ as icell as 
those distinctively so called? 

Yes ; in the broadest sense they are so ; but because so 
large a portion of the Pentateuch is taken up with their 
laws and institutions, the Hebrew people designated that 
division of their Scriptures as the Thorah ; that is, the 
Law. 

110. Of ivhat are these twelve books the history ? 

Of the Hebrew people as an organized body. In the 
Pentateuch we have an account of the origin, growth, and 
organization of the Hebrew people into a nation ; and in 
these twelve books we have the history of the nation in 
outline fi-om the death of Moses, its founder, to Malachi, 
the last of the prophets — a period of about 1100 years. 

111. Into how many periods may the history of the Hebrew 
people as a nation be divided ? 

Three : the period of the Theocracy, the period of the 
Monarchy, and the period of the Restoration, 



26" the bible catechist. 

The Theocracy. 

112. What period is embraced by the theocracy distinctively 
so called ? 

The interval between Moses and the monarch}^ ; that is. 
between the death of the nation's founder and the appoint- 
ment of Saul as king — a period of about 400 years. 

113. What icas the distinctive feature of this theocratic 
pei^iod in the histoi-y of the Hebrew people ? 

The direction of affairs of state was lodged solely in the 
hands of Jehovah Himself 

llJf. How many and what are the books which treat of 
the theocracy? 

Three : Joshua, Judges, and Ruth. 

115. What is the nature of the boolc of Joshua f 

It is a military history, which gives an account of the con- 
quest and division of the land of promise under Joshua, the 
hero of the story. The book reads like Grant's 3Iemoirs or 
Ccesar s Commentaries. 

116. Who succeeded Joshua ? 

He had no successor : by his death the nation was left 
without any visible head or federal authority, the twelve 
tribes preserving tlieir independence in the management of 
their own internal affairs. 

117. What, during this period, was the centre of national 
unity for the twelve tribes f 

The tabernacle, the place of meeting between the people 
and God. They were bound together by the double tie of 
race and religion. 

118. How is the period immediately succeeding the admin- 
istration of Joshua known ? 

As the period of the Judges — a class of men whom God 
raised up from time to time to deliver the people from the 
enemies He allowed to oppress them Because of their apos- 
tasy from, and disloyalty to, Himself 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 27 

119. How many judges were tliere^ and what are the names 
of the chief ones among them f 

There were fifteen in all, the chief of whom were Deb- 
orah and Barak, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Eli, and Samuel. 

120. Where do we find an account of the period of the 
judges f 

In the books of Judges, Ruth, and the early part of first 
Samuel. 

121. Wliat is the nature of the hook of Ruth ? 

It is a simple and beautiful love-story of rui-al domestic 
life, being an incident which took place in the days when 
the judges ruled, and in which Ruth and Naomi are the 
leading characters. A story of filial love and moral purity, 
it flashes like a star in the midnight of its dark surroundings. 

122. How is this period of the theocracy commonly char- 
acterized f 

As the Iron Age of Israel ; as the period of David and 
Solomon is called its Golden Age. 

The Monarchy. 

123. What hooks treat of the monarchical period of He- 
hrew history f 

The three doubles — the Samuels, the Kings, and the 
Chronicles. Herein we have the history of the rise, cul- 
mination, division, decline, and fall of the Hebrew mon- 
archy. 

124. How long did the Hehrew monarchy last? 

From its foundation in Saul till the captivity of Judah — 
about 500 years. 

125. How long did the united kingdom last ? 

During the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon (each of 
whom reigned 40 years) — 120 years. 

126. What hecame of Solomon s empire f 

Under Rehoboam, Solomon's son and successor, the Ten 
Tribes revolted from his rule and founded the kingdom of 



28 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Israel ; wliile the two tribes of Judali and Benjamin adhered 
to the house of David, constituting the kingdom of Judah. 
Thus Solomon's empire was divided, forming two inde- 
pendent realms and rival kingdoms — Israel and Judah. 

127. How long did these two rival kingdoms stand f 
Israel, the northern kingdom, stood a little over two cen- 
turies and a half (254 years), and had nineteen kings ; while 
Judah survived its northern rival 134 years, lasting nearly 
400 (exactly 388) j^ears, and had twenty kings. UnUke those 
of Israel, these were all of the house of David. 

128. Wiat became of these two kingdoms, Israel and 
Judah ? 

They were both destroyed by peojDles of the East ; Israel or 
the Ten Tribes being first carried away captive into Assyria, 
and subsequently the people of Judah into Babylon. The 
latter, however, after their seventy years' captivity in Baby- 
lon, returned in large numbers to their own land and re-es- 
tablished the religion of their fathers, while the Ten Tribes 
never recovered their national existence, and are commonly 
regarded as lost. 

129. What are the contents of the two hooks of Samuel? 
The first, after detailing the events in the history of the 

last two judges, Eli and Samuel, gives an account of the 
rise and inauguration of the monarchy in Saul, and of his 
reign of forty years ; while the second is wholly taken up 
with the splendid reign of David, the hero-king of Israel. 
The names of these two books are misleading, being not at 
all an index to the nature of their contents. 

130. What are the contents of the two hoohs of Kings f 
Taking up the story of the monarchy with the last days 

of David, these two books carry the history down to the 
Babylonian captivity — from Solomon to Zedekiah king of 
Judah — a period of about 400 years. 

131. How do the two hooks of Chronicles differ from the 
two hooJcs of Kings f 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 29 

Besides giving tlie genealogy of the Hebrew people from 
Adam down to David, the "Chronicles" are mainly con- 
cerned with the history of Judah ; while in the Kings the 
history of both kingdoms is given. Chronicles, as far as 
the southern kingdom is concerned, is parallel with the his- 
tory in Kings. 

132. What great event' brought the Hebrew 7)ionarchy to a 
close f 

The destruction of Jerusalem and the captivity of the 
people of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. 

133. How long did the Babylonian exile last ? 

The prophetic seventy years, after which, in the provi- 
dence of God, the people of the captivity, as many as 
chose, were permitted to return to their own land. Only a 
small fraction, however, of the number who were carried 
away captive, or their children, availed themselves of this 
permission to return. 

134. Where do we learn of the condition of the Hebrew 
people during their Babylonian exile f 

There are no historical books specially devoted to this 
period, and such information as is available must be gath- 
ered from the prophets of the period, the books of the 
restoration, and the Psalms of the exile. 

The Restoration Era. 

135. What is meant by the era of the Restoration ? 

It designates that period in the history of the Hebrew 
people immediately succeeding the Babj^onian exile, when 
the Jewish captives returned to their own land and rebuilt 
the temple and re-established on its old foundations the 
religion of their fathers. From this time onward the peo- 
ple first known as Hebrews, and then as Israelites, become 
known as Jews. 

136. What books treat of this restoration era ? 

The last historical triplet — Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. 



30 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

137. Wlw were the leading characters of the restoration 
era f 

Joshua and Zerubbabel, Ezra and Nebemiali, and Haggai 
and Zechariah ; ttie first pair being tbe ecclesiastical and 
civil leaders of the first band of returning captives ; the 
second pair, the leaders of the second and third bands ; and 
the last two being the prophets who" co-operated with Joshua 
and Zerubbabel in the rebuilding of the second, commonly 
called Zerubbabel' s, temple. 

138. Who were the prophets of the restoration era ? 
Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the last named being 

contemporary with, and the coadjutor of, the last historical 
character of Old Testament story — Nehemiah. 

139. Of what do the hoolis of Ezra and Nehemiah respect- 
ively treat ? 

Each has a storj^ to tell of return, rebuilding, and refor- 
mation. The first tells of the return of the first band of cap- 
tives and the rebuilding of the temple, and of the return 
of Ezra with his company and the reforms which he wrought ; 
while the second tells of the return of Nehemiah, the re- 
building of the walls of Jerusalem, and the reformations 
which he succeeded in effecting. 

140. What is noteworthy about Nehemiah as a hook ? 

It is the last historical book in the Hebrew Scriptures. 
With it closes the Old Testament Canon ; the book of Es- 
ther, which follows, being but an episode which took place 
in the time of Ezra ; just as the book of Ruth contains the 
account of an incident which took place in the days when 
the judges ruled in Israel. 

141. What is the nature of the hook of Esther ? 

It is a stor}^ of providence and patriotism, in which Es- 
ther, a Jewess and the beautiful queen of the Persian mon- 
arch, risks her own life for the salvation of her people, a 
plot for whose utter extermination was foiled through her 
efforts. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. . 31 

143. What is remarlrihle about this hook of Esther f 

Though a romance of providence, the name of God is not 
in it. The same is true of Canticles, or the Song of Solo- 
mon. 

143. Who are the leading characters in this hook of Es- 
ther ? 

The king Ahasuerus (who was Xerxes), Esther the 
queen, Mordecai the Jew, and Haman the Agagite, the 
Jews' enem}'. 

i.^^. What are the four " sevens'^ mentioned in this hook 
of Esther ? 

The seven days of the ro3^al feast to the people ; the seven 
chamberlains of the king ; the seven princes of Persia ; and 
the seven maidens of Esther. 

145. Who are the five persons whose names hegin with H^ 
mentioned in this hook of Esther ? 

Hadassah (who is Esther) ; Hege, the king's chamber- 
lain and keeper of the harem ; Hatach, also one of the 
king's chamberlains and minister-in- waiting upon the queen ; 
Haman the Agagite, the Jews' enemy ; and Harbonah, the 
king's chamberlain, who counseled the hanging of Haman. 

lJf.6. What are the names of the two leading characters in 
the story of Esther which hegin with M? 

Memucan, one of the seven princes of Persia and coun- 
selor to the king ; and Mordecai the Jew. 

Ijf7. What are the three pairs in Esther f 

Two queens, Yashti and Esther ; two rivals, Mordecai and 
Haman ; and two would-be regicides or assassins of the king, 
Bigthana and Teresh, the king's chamberlains. 

IJfS. What hecame of the rivals, Mordecai and Haman f 

Haman was hanged on the gallows which he himself had 
erected, and on which he expected to hang Mordecai, whom 
through envy he hated ; while Mordecai was promoted to 
the high place in the king's service to which Haman had 
been exalted. 



32 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

149. What period of time is included in the restoration 
era? 

From the proclamation of C^tus, giving permission for 
the exiles to return, to the close of the Old Testament 
Canon (Nehemiah-Malachi) — nearly, but not quite, 150 
years. 

THE POETICAL BOOKS. 

150. How many and icliat are the 'poetical hooJcs of the 
Old Testament f 

There are five books commonly reckoned in this division, 
namely : Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles, 
or the "Song of Songs, which is Solomon's." "Lamenta- 
tions," one of the most poetical of compositions, now 
classed among the prophetical books, might very properly 
have found a place in this division. 

151. Why is the book of Job so called ? 

It is so called from Job, the patriarch of Uz, who is the 
hero of the poem. 

152. Who are the dramatis personce — the leading char- 
acters — in the hook of Job ? 

The Lord Jehovah, the moral governor of the universe ; 
Job himself, a rich man, perfect and upright ; the patri- 
arch's three friends, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the 
Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite ; then there is also 
the young orator Elihu the Buzite ; and Job's wife, who 
has obtained an unemnable notoriety as the bad adviser of 
her husband by the utterance of a single sentence, 

153. What IS the great problem to be solved in the book of 
Job? 

Whether there is such a thing as disinterested rectitude 
among men, or whether they are selfish and mercenary in 
their Walty to God, serving Him only so long as, and be- 
cause, it pays to do so. Satan charged that the latter was 
the fact, alleging that the piety of good men is only as- 
sumed. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 33 

i54. How alone could such a problem as this he solved f 
By actual experiment, putting some one to the test. Job 
in this case was the subject of the experiment, Satan being 
allowed of God to put him to the severest tests that even 
his malignant ingenuity could devise. This poem might 
therefore be very appropriately entitled "The Temptation 
of Job," even as the ordeal to which our Lord was sub- 
jected by the same adversary in the wilderness is called 
"The Temptation of Christ;" and, indeed, the former 
is typical of the latter. 

155. What erroneous theory of God's government obtained 
in Job's day f 

That prosperity was the reward bestowed upon goodness, 
and that adversity was a sure sign of wickedness, either 
concealed or manifest. Hence men concluded that because 
Job was a great sufferer he was therefore a great sinner. 
This, indeed, was Job's own theory, and it added greatly to 
his perplexity and to the intensity of his suffering that he 
was unable, the while, to reconcile his afflictions with his 
conscious integrity. 

156. How did Job stand Ids trial ? 

Though not without occasional and violent outbursts of 
impatience, yet he maintained his integrity to the end, so 
that when he was tried he came forth as gold. Thus Sa- 
tan's allegation was proved false. The patriarch of Uz was 
not mercenary in his motives in serving God. 

157. With what other Old Testament worthies does God 
link the name of Job ? 

With those of Noah and Daniel. The order in which 
they are mentioned is Noah, Daniel, and Job (Ez. 14 : 14, 20). 

158. What are the triplets in the booh of Job itself? 
There are the three friends of Job — Eliphaz, Bildad, and 

Zophar ; the three animals of Job — the x\rabian war-horse, 
the behemoth, and the leviathan ; the three daughters of 
Job — Jemima, Kezia, and Karen-happuch. 



34 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

159. To ichat may the hook of Job he likened f 

To a gymnasium, the exercising ground for the develop- 
ment of spiritual athletes, or to a furnace in which metals 
are assaj^ed or tested. 

160. What is the nature of the hook of Psalms .? 

It is a collection of sacred odes, one hundred and fifty in 
number, and which constitutes the Praise-Book not only 
of the Jewish Church, but also of some sections of the 
Christian Church (Presbyterian) as well. It is called the 
Hebrew Psalter, as modern praise-books are called church 
hymnals. 

161. What is the difference between the Psalms and other 
parts of Holy Scripture ? 

The Psalms are purely devotional in character. In other 
parts of Scripture God speaks to man, but in the Psalms 
man speaks to God. The Psalms are the outgrowth of 
human experience. 

162. When and by ivhom icere these Psalms composed? 

The Psalms were composed by various authors and at dif- 
ferent eras from Moses down to the Restoration, covering a 
period of more than a thousand years. The Psalter is thus 
a book of long growth, and is made up of five different 
volumes, which may be called the Psalter Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 
and 5, very much as our "Gospel H\'mn" books have 
grown and are so named. 

163. Why are these songs of Zion commonly called the 
' ' Psalms of David ' ' ? 

Not because David was the author of all, but because 
he was, in all probability, the largest contributor to, and 
editor of, the original collection, Psalter No. 1 ; and as each 
new collection was added to the first volume, the whole came 
■to be called by the name of the "sweet singer of Israel," 
and to be commonly known as the Psalms of David. 

-Z64. To what may the booh of Psalms be likened ? 

To a conservatory of music where dwell all the sons and 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 35 

daughters of song, with C3'mbal, trumpet, psaUerj^, and 
harp. 

165. To ivhat may the hook of Proverbs he compared ? 
To' a "Chamber of Commerce," where may be found 

that ancient "wealth of nations" whence every human 
mind may enrich itself with the wisdom of the ages. If 
the book is not a rule of faith, it most certainly is a rule of 
conduct for both sexes and for all ages and conditions. 

166. What are the chief subjects touched upon in this hooh 
of Proverbs ? 

They are such as filial piety, evil company, sensuality and 
drunkenness, lying and laziness, strife and greed. 

167. Who is the author of the hook of Proverbs ? 

The book is of composite authorship, like the Psalms, 
but it is ascribed to Solomon, the "Grand Monarque " of 
Israel, for the same reason that the Psalms are to his 
royal father — he being doubtless the largest contributor to 
the collection of proverbs therein contained. 

168. To ichat may the hooh of Ecclesiastes be compared? 
To the penitentiary, where sorrowful bankrupts and other 

moral defaulters may remain for a time with profit in com- 
pany with King Solomon, reflecting over the follies of a 
misspent life. 

169. To ivhat conclusion does the preacher in Ecclesiastes 
come f 

That to fear G-od and keep His commandments is at once 
the highest wisdom, as it is the whole duty, of man. 

170. What is the hey -word of Ecclesiastes ? 

"Vanity " — which occurs twenty-five times in the course 
of the composition. ' ' Vanity of vanities, ' ' saith the preach- 
er — "Vanity of vanities ; all is vanity." 

171. What learning does the preacher in Ecclesiastes ad- 
minister to the fast young man ? 

" Rejoice, young man, in thy youth : and let thy heart 
cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways 



36 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

of thine heart, and in the sight of thine eyes : but know 
thou that for all these things God will bring thee into judg- 
ment. ' ' 

172. What good advice does the preacher in Ecclesiastes 
give to all young -people ? 

"Remember now thy Creator in the daj^s of thy j'outh, 
while the evil daj^s come not, nor the years draw nigh, when 
thou shalt say, I have no pleasure in them." 

173. What is the nature of Canticles^ or the Song of 
Solomon ? 

It is a dramatic love-song, consisting of a dialogue be- 
tween two lovers — the exquisite celebration of a pure love 
in humble life — a love which no earthly splendor can dazzle 
and no flattery seduce. The piece is a protest against the 
harem. 

174. How do Christian interpreters look upon this song ? 

Some of them regard it as a marriage-song and an alle- 
gory — a dialogue between the bridegroom and the bride, 
between Christ and His Church. 

175. To what do the Jews compare these three hooJcs of 
Solomon ? 

To the temple — Proverbs to the outer court, Ecclesiastes 
to the holy place, and Canticles to the holy of holies. 

THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS. 

176. What is the scriptural idea of a prophet f 

Not a mere foreteller, as is the common idea, but rather 
a forthteller^ one who speaks for, or is the authorized repre- 
sentative of, another. 

177. What loere the Hebrew prophets ? 

They were the representatives of Jehovah, the author- 
ized and inspired expounders or interpreters of His will. 
The Hebrew prophets were, in fact, the preachers of their 
time, predictions being only an incidental function of their 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 37 

office ; and the prophetical books contain the sermons of 
these inspired preachers. 

178. Were the Hebrew prophets limited to the male sex f 
No ; Miriam, Deborah, and Huldah were shining lights in 

this goodly fellowship. 

179. What is the history of the prophetic order ? 

Its foundations were laid in Samuel, at the close of the 
theocracy ; it flourished during the monarchy, and remained 
a power till the work of restoration was complete ; after 
which, for 400 years, until the appearance of John the 
Baptizer, the forerunner of our Lord, the voice of the 
prophet was no longer heard in the land. 

180. How many prophets are represented by their sermons 
in the Old Testament Canon f 

Sixteen : Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, 
Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zeph- 
aniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. 

181. Are there more prophetical books than prophets in the 
Old Testament Canon? 

Yes ; besides the book which bears his name, Jeremiah 
wrote Lamentations also, making seventeen sermon-books or 
books of prophecy, and but sixteen prophets or preachers in 
this division of the Old Testament Scriptures. 

18£. When did these canonical prophets flourish f 

Beginning with Jeroboam II. of Israel, about 800 B. c. , 
they flourished during the last half of the monarchical 
period, during the time of the Babylonian captivity, and on 
to the close of the restoration era, covering a period of 
some 400 years. 

183. Into what three classes may these sixteen canonical 
prophets be divided? 

Accordingly as they lived before, during, or after the Babj"- 
lonian captivity — which is the great epoch in the later He- 
brew history, to which every event is referred — they may 
be regarded as pre-exile prophets, prophets of the exile 



38 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

(captivity), and post-exile prophets, or the prophets of the 

restoration. 

18 Jf. Which were the prophets of the restoration f 

The last three in the list— Haggai, Zechariah, and Mal- 

achi. 

185. Which were the prophets of the exile f 

These were two, Ezekiel and Daniel, both of whom spoke 
and wrote in Babylon. 

186. How many and which were the pre-exile prophets f 
There were eleven: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Hosea, Joel, Amos, 

Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zeph- 
aniah. 

187. What is an easy way to ascertain the names of the 
pre-exile prophets f 

Cut off from the list the last three, the prophets of the 
restoration, strike out Ezekiel and Daniel, the prophets of 
the captivity, and the remaining eleven are the pre-exile 
prophets. Some think that Obadiah lived during the exile, 
though his prophecy is directed against Edom, wuth only an 
incidental allusion to the future of his own people. 

188. How are the prophetical books dicided as regards 
their length ? 

Into two classes — major and minor ; the first five books 
being reckoned as major, and the remaining twelve as 
minor. 

189. What are the names of the hooks which compose the 
3Iajor Prophets f 

Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, and Daniel. 

190. What are the names of the twelve Minor Prophets f 
Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, 

Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. 

191. Whence do these prophetical hooks derive their names ? 

They are called by the names of their authors respec- 
tively, except; "Lamentations," which takes its name from 
the nature of the contents of that book, being a wail of 



tup: bible catechist. 39 

Jeremiali tlie prophet over the desolation of the holy city 
Jerusalem after its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar. The 
book of Lamentations is, in its truest sense, a jeremiad. 

192. What two famous prophets of Israel are not repre- 
sented in the Old Testament Canon f ' 

Elijah and Ehslia. These flourished in Israel at an ear- 
lier period than the canonical prophets, and are more famous 
for their deeds than their words. They were acting rather 
than loriting prophets. 

. 193. How may the substance of the canonical prophecies 
he briefly expressed f 

By the three alliteratives : ruin, repentance, restoration. 

19Jf. What two institutions date their origin from the 
period of the restoration f 

The synagogue, the local religious meeting-house of the 
Jews, and the order of Scribes, of both of which Ezra was 
the founder. 

195. What was the political status of the Jewish people 
during the J^OO years interval between Malachi and Mat-, 
thew ? 

They were successively tributary to the Persians, Greeks, 
Syrians, and Romans, save the century or so of independ- 
ence they achieved and maintained under the heroic lead 
of the Asmoneans or Maccabean princes. They were under 
the dominion of Rome when Christ came. 

196. What important event affecting the Hebrew Scrip- 
tures took place between 3Ialachi and Matthew f 

They were translated into Greek, as is commonly sup- 
posed by seventj' persons ; whence the name of the ver- 
sion, the Septuagint or the LXX. This translation was 
necessary to meet the want of the Jews of the Dispersion, 
who had now entirely ceased to speak the Hebrew language. 
Though the origin of this oldest version of the Hebrew 
Scriptures is shrouded in the deepest obscurity, it must 
have been in existence between two and three centuries be- 



40 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

fore Christ. It was from this Septuagint version of the 
Old Testament Scriptures that Christ and his apostles 
most frequently quoted. 

197. What sects icith icliich we meet in tJie New Testament 
grew up during this ^00 years' interval ? 

The Scribes, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Her- 
odians. 

198. What are the various periods in Old Testament 
story ? 

The Antediluvian period, from the Creation to the Flood 
— 1656 years; from the Flood to the call of Abraham — 400 
years ; from the call of Abraham to Moses and the exodus 
from Egypt — 400 years ; from Moses to the monarchy, that 
is, the period of the theocracy — 400 years ; the monarchical 
period — 500 years; the Babylonian captivity — 70 years; 
from the captivity to the close of the restoration era — 200 
years ; and from the close of the Old Testament Scriptures 
to Christ — 400 years — all in round numbers. 

199. What is noteivorthy about these chronological data ? 
The predominance of the 400-year period in which God 

has been pleased to carry on the operations of His provi- 
dence in the history of redemption. Nearly all these 
periods, if not exactly 400 years, are either a multiple of 
400 or a fraction thereof In addition to the other quarto- 
centenar>^ periods already mentioned, the period during 
which the canonical prophets flourished was one of 400 
years. 

SOO. Who are the epocJi-maldng characters of the Old 
Testament penod ? 

Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Ezra. 

THE NEW TESTAMENT. 

Wl. What is the New Testament? 

The second grand division of the Bible, commonly called 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 41 

the New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
Christ. 

202. Of what is the New Testament composed f 

Of twenty-seven distinct literary compositions commonly 
called books. Like the Old Testament, which is composed 
of thirty-nine books, it is a library of sacred hterature rather 
than a single volume. 

203. By whom were these twenty-seven boohs written f 

By at least eight different authors : thirteen by the apos- 
tle Paul ; five by the apostle John ; two by the apostle Pe- 
ter ; two by the evangelist Luke ; one each by the evange- 
lists Matthew and Mark ; and one each by the apostles 
James and Jude. The authorship of the "Hebrews" is 
in dispute, but it is commonly ascribed to Paul, which 
makes his contribution to the New Testament fourteen 
books. 

204. When were the hooks of the Neio Testament written f 
Unlike those of the Old Testament, whose writing ex- 
tended over a period of more than 1000 3'ears — from Moses 
to Malachi — the books of the New Testament were all writ- 
ten during the last half of the first century of the Christian 
era, and most of them during the third quarter of that cen- 
tury. 

205. What is the common classification of the hooJcs of the 
New Testament? 

Like those of the Old Testament, they are commonly 
grouped under four heads : the Grospels, the Acts, the 
Epistles, and the book of Revelation. 

206. As to the character of their contents, hoiv may these 
four divisions he respectively described f 

The Gospels are biographic ; the Acts, historic ; the Epis- 
tles, didactic ; and the Revelation, apocalyptic. 

207. What are the names of the hooks of the New Testa- 
ment ? 

The four gospels — Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John ; the 



4^ THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Acts ; the fourteen epistles of Paul the apostle — that to the 
Romans, the two to the Corinthians, the one each to the 
Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians, the two 
each to the Thessalonians and to Timothj', and the one each 
to Titus and Philemon, and that to the '"Hebrews;" the 
seven non-Pauline espistles — the one of James, the two of 
Peter, the three of John, and the one of Jude ; and the 
book of Revelation. 

208. What is the grand theme of the Xew Testament, and 
how are its various classes of hooks related thereto ? 

The grand theme of the New Testament is the Christian 
Church ; and the biographic gospels tell us of its Founder 
and Head, who is Christ; the historical book of the 
"Acts" tells us of its founding by the apostles ; the didactic 
epistles contribute to its upbuilding or edification ; while the 
book of Revelation opens up to us its future. The Christian 
Church : its Founder, its founding, its edification, its future. 

209. In what language were the hooks of the Kew Testa- 
ment originally written ? 

In Greek, the then universal language of the civilized 
world — a circumstance which emphasizes, as well as anj^- 
thing can, the universal or catholic design of the New Dis- 
pensation. 

THE FOURFOLD GOSPEL. 

210. What is the meaning of the word '''' gospeV f 

It means "good news " or "glad tidings ; ' ' and the four 
gospels are so called because they proclaim the advent of 
the Son of God for the salvation of sinners. 

211. What is the nature of the contents of these four 
gospels ? 

They tell us all we know of the birth, life, and death of 
our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. They are biographi- 
cal, while not pretending to be full and complete biographies. 
They are memoirs or memorabilia rather than biographies. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 43 

212. In icliat character do the four evangelists respectively 
present Jesus? 

It is the supreme purpose of Matthew to set forth the 
messiahship of Jesus ; that of Mark, the majesty of Jesus ; 
that of Luke, the humanity of Jesus ; and that of John, 
the godhood or divinity of Jesus. 

213. How do the first three gospels differ from the fourth? 
The first three, the "synoptics," as they are called, being 

an account mainly of what our Lord said and did, His mir- 
acles and teaching as He went about among the masses, are 
about Christ simply ; while the fourth, the gospel accord- 
ing to John, reveals to us the interior life of our Lord, and 
brings before us Christ Himself The contents of this 
gospel were addressed mainly to "the Jews" — that is, to 
the rulers of the people. It is pre-eminently the spiritual 
gospel — the heart of Christ. 

21Ji,. What are the characteristics of the four gospels re- 
spectively ? 

The first is the gospel of discourses and of the parables 
of the kingdom ; the second is anecdotal in its character, 
and, being composed largely of the miracles of our Lord, is 
the gospel of the mighty works ; the third is distinguished 
by the fullness of its narratives of the infancy of Jesus 
and its wealth of parables; while the fourth is pre-emi- 
nently the gospel of conversations or dialogues. 

215. What are the key-ivords of the four gospels respec- 
tively ? 

The key- word of Matthew is "fulfilled; " those of Mark, 
"straightway," "immediately," and "forthwith," the 
word in the Greek being the same for all three, and occur- 
ring forty five times; those of Luke, "And it came to 
pass;" and those of John, "Verily, verily, I say unto 
you." 

216. What are the great facts^ common to the four evan- 
gelists, which make the gospel good neivs to men ? 



44 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

The incarnation, the Ufe, the death, amd the resurrection 
of our Lord. 

217. How many of our Lord's miracles and parables are 
recorded in the gospels f 

Thirty-six miracles and about thirty parables. 

218. How often did our Lord speak on the cross, and how 
many times did He appear after His resurrection f 

He uttered seven saj^ings on the cross, and appeared ten 
times after His resurrection. 

219. How many persons did our Lord raise from the 
dead ? 

Three : Jairus' daughter ; the son of the widow of Nain ; 
and His friend Lazarus, the brother of Martha and Mary. 

220. How long did our Lord's public ministry last? 
Three years or about that time. 

221. What event m our Lord's histoi-y is common to all 
the evangelists f 

His passion. Nearly one-third of the entire gospels is 
taken up with the history of the last seven days of our 
Lord's life. 

222. What places were identified with the principal events 
in our Lord's life f 

Bethlehem, where He was born ; Nazareth, where He was 
brought up ; Capernaum, "His own city," where He dwelt 
during His public ministry ; and Jerusalem, where He was 
crucified. 

22S. How many times was our Lord put upon His trial ? 

Five : before Annas, Caiaphas, and Pilate the first time ; 
before Herod ; and then before Pilate the second time, 
when He was delivered to be crucified. 

22Ji,. What length of time elapsed between our Lord's 
resurrection and ascension f 

Forty daj^s, during which time He showed Himself alive 
to His apostles by many infallible proofs, and spoke to them 
of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 45 

S25. What are the distinguishing characteristics of our 
Lord's teaching as exhibited in the gospels ? 

Authority, originalit}', spirituality, tenderness, benevo: 
lenee, and practicalness. 

226. What are the names of the twelve apostles ? 

The three pairs of brothers — Peter and Andrew, the sons 
of Jonas ; James and John, the sons of Zebedee ; and 
James and Jude, the sons of Alpheus ; Philip and Bar- 
tholomew ; Thomas and Matthew ; Simon the zealot ; and 
Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed Jesus. 

227. What were the qualifications and functions of the 
apostles f 

The apostles were ambassadors extraordinary and minis- 
ters plenipotentiary of the Lord Jesus Christ, chosen and 
commissioned by Himself They were inspired and endowed 
with the "gift of miracles." As preachers of the gospel 
the apostles were to be witnesses of Christ as to His doc- 
trine, His manner of life, and especially of His death and 
resurrection. In their extraordinary functions the apostles 
had no successors. 

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 

228. What is the nature of the contents of the hook called 
" The Acts of the Apostles'' f 

It is the history of the Apostolic Church — of the founding 
or planting of the Christian Church in the world. It is the 
sequel to the third gospel, or volume the second of the evan- 
gehst Luke's history of the primitive Christian Church. 

229. What is the scope of this history of the Christian 
Church by Luke^ as given in these tico volumes f 

In it he traces the rise and growth of the Christian 
Church from the birtli of its Founder and Head in the 
bosom of the Jewish Church to its complete emancipation 
from all Jewish trammels and its establishment among the 



46 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Grentiles, equipped for its work and secure of its mission, 
the conquest of the world. 

230. What was the supreme purpose of the evangelist m 
these two volumes^ the gospel and the history f 

In the history it is manifestlj^ the author's purpose to give 
a complete and precise view of that mighty religious revolu- 
tion by which God transferred His kingdom from the Jews 
to the Gentiles ; even as in the gospel it was his chief 
design to show how our Lord Himself was, by His cruci- 
fixion at the hands of His own people, emancipated from 
all Jewish restrictions to become the King of men, irre- 
spective of race or nationality. 

231. What is the connecting-link between the two volumes, 
the gospel and the history ? 

The ascension of our Lord. This event forms at once 
the climax of the history of the Church's Founder in the 
gospel and the starting-point for the history of the found- 
ing of the Church in the Acts. The goal in the one 
writing, it is the foundation of the other. 

232. Does this hook contain the ' ' acts ' ' of all the apostles 
of our Lord ? 

No ; of the original twelve, only three, Peter, John, "and 
James, are specially mentioned in the history as taking a 
prominent part in the "actings" it records; while Paul, 
the last chosen and commissioned apostle, who was as " one 
born out of due time," takes up a large share of the space 
in the interesting narration. The Acts is not designed to 
be a history of the apostles, but a record of the establish- 
ment of the Christian Church. 

233. What is the scope of the history in this hook of the 
Acts ? 

It recounts the story of the founding and extension of 
the Christian Church from Jerusalem, the ecclesiastical 
capital, to Rome, the political metropolis of the world. It 
begins with Pentecost, and ends with Paul a prisoner "in 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 47 

his own hired house'' in the city of the Caesars, "preaching 
the kingdom of God , . . witli all confidence, no man for- 
bidding him. ' ' 
23Ii. How may the liistori/ m the Acts he divided f 
Into two parts : the first part detailing the histor}^ of the 
planting of the Church among the Jews, and the second 
part the planting of the Church among the Gentiles. The 
first part has the apostle Peter for its centre ; the second, 
the apostle Paul. Around these two leading characters the 
entire history in the book is grouped. 

235. What ivas the point of transition in the passage of 
the Church from, the Jews to the Gentiles? 

The vision of the apostle Peter on the house-top in Joppa, 
an account of which is given in the tenth chapter of this 
histor3\ 

236. Who are the Gentile.^ ? 

All that part of the entire population of the globe who 
are not Jews. Between these two peoples the entire human 
race is divided. All who are not Jews are Gentiles. 

237. What is the first great occurrence related in this his- 
tory in the Acts f 

The descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, when three 
thousand souls were converted in one day. 

238. Who are the three persons in the Acts ivhose names 
begin with P? 

Peter and Paul, apostles, and Philip the evangelist. 

239. How may the relation of the apostles Peter and Paul 
to the Christian Church he expressed ? 

Peter was the opener, and Paul was the planter — the first 
and grandest of Christian missionaries. 

2Jf.O. Who were the first Christian martyrs according to 
this history in the Acts f 

Stephen the deacon was the first or proto-martyr, and 
the apostle James the second in this now glorious com- 
pany. 



48 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

2Ji,l. What tragedies are recorded in this history in the 
Acts? 

The death of Ananias and Sapphira the pretenders ; the 
stoning of Stephen ; the kiUing of James the apostle ; and 
the death of the cruel and vainglorious Herod, who was 
eaten of worms and gave up the ghost. 

24^. Are there any miracles recorded in this history in 
the Acts? 

Yes ; twenty specific miracles of a phj'sical character, two 
of which are the raising of the dead — Dorcas by the apostle 
Peter, and the young man Eutychus by the apostle Paul. 
By far the greatest miracle in the book, however — the one 
which has been attended with the most beneficent and far- 
reaching efi'ects — was a miracle of grace, the conversion of 
Saul of Tarsus, who became the glorious Christian hero of 
this history — Paul, the great apostle of the Grentile world. 

24^. How many capital cities are associated with the 
planting of the Christian Church, according to the history 
in the Acts ? 

Four: Jerusalem, "the mother of us all;" Antioch in 
Syria, the mother church of Gentile Christendom ; Ephe- 
sus in Asia Minor, the great religious and literary centre 
where Paul preached and John dwelt ; and Rome in Italy, 
the city of the Caesars, the political centre and capital of the 
then civilized world. 

244. To whose agency was the success of the efforts of the 
apostles in founding the Christian Church due? 

To that of the Holy Spirit, the Third Person of the 
adorable Trinity, upon Whose co-operation we must still de- 
pend for every success in soul-winning and genuine Church 
extension. 

THE EPISTLES. 

24s. What relation do the Epistles sustain to the '^Acts " ? 
The writing of these several letters was among the " acts 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 49 

of the apostles," as they are themselves a part of the his- 
tory of the founding and edification of the early Christian 
Church. The epistles bear the same relation to the history 
in the "Acts" that the books of prophecy in the Old Tes- 
tament do to the historical books therein. They are mutu- 
ally interpretative, each serving to throw light upon the 
other. This is more especially true of the Pauline epistles 
and the Acts. 

246. How many epistles compose this New Testament col- 
lection f 

Twenty-one — the fourteen of the apostle Paul, being two- 
thirds of the whole number ; the three of the apostle John ; 
the two of the apostle Peter ; and the one each of the apos- 
tles James and Jude. 

247. What is the common classification of these epistles f 
They are commonly grouped under two heads — Pauline 

and catholic or general. Since, however, the latter term 
does not properly designate a number of the letters em- 
braced under it, a more accurate classification is Pauline 
and non-Pauline. 

THE PAULINE EPISTLES. 

SJfS. What are the names of the Pauline epistles f 

They are those to the Romans, the Corinthians (2), the 
Galatians, the Ephesians, the Philippians, the Colossians, 
and the Thessalonians (2) ; and those to Timothy (2), Titus, 
Philemon, and the Hebrews. Nine are addressed to seven 
different Christian congregations, four to individuals, and 
one — that to the Hebrews — to the whole body of Jewish 
Christians wherever found. 

249. What are the epistles to Timothy and Titus commonly 
called? 

The " pastoral epistles," for the reason that they are ad- 
dressed to, and abound in practical counsels for, young min- 
isters. 

4 



50 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

250. What is the charactei' of the other Pauline epistles ? 
With the exception of that to Philemon, which is a letter 

of intercession in behalf of his runaway but penitent slave 
Ouesimus, they are nearly all of a doctrinal character, but 
contain also practical instniction for the edification of the 
churches in general and their individual members in par- 
ticular. 

251. What are the four dominant ideas of the Pauline 



Spirituality as opposed to ritualism or the mere ceremo- 
nies of religion ; catholicity, or all humanity, as opposed to 
a particular people or a favored class ; a pure life as over 
against mere orthodoxy ; and personal attachment to Jesus 
Christ as the supreme motive to a pure life. These four 
ideas — spirituality, catholicity, a pure life, and Jesus 
Christ — are distinctively Pauline. 

252. What may be regarded as the golden text of the 
Pauline epistles? 

" God forbid that I should glorj^ save in the cross of our 
Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom the world is crucified unto 
me, and I unto the world " (Gal. 6 : 14). 

253. What is the grandest generalization in the Pauline 
epistles ? 

This : " In Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth 
anything, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature ; faith, 
which worketh by love, and the keeping of the command- 
ments of God" (Gal. 6 : 15 ; 5:6; 1 Cor. 7 : 19). 

25Ii.. What is the most comprehensive exhortation in the 
P( inline epistles f 

This: "I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mer- 
cies of God, that ye present j'our bodies a living sacrifice, 
holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service ' ' 
(Rom. 12:1). 

255. When were these Pauline epistles wi-itten f 

In the early part of the second half of the first Christian 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 51 

century ; that is, between A. D. 52 and A. D. 68, embracing a 
period of sixteen years. 



THE NON-PAULINE EPISTLES. 

256. How many and what are the non-Pauline epUtles f 
Tliey are seven in number, and, in the order in which 

they are found in the New Testament Canon, are as follows : 
the one of the apostle James, the two of the apostle Peter, 
the three of the apostle John, and that of the apostle Jude. 

257. What is the difference in the manner of naming the 
Panline and non- Pauline epistles? 

The Pauline epistles are known by the names of the 
churches or the particular body of Christians to which they 
were addressed ; while the non-Pauline epistles are known 
by the names of the persons by whom they were written. 

258. What other group of letters is there in the New Tes- 
tament besides these twenty-one canonical epistles ? 

There are the letters of the apostle John to the seven 
churches of Asia — the churches of Ephesus, Sm.yrna, Per- 
gamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea (Rev. 
2:3). 

259. How can it be made to appear that there are two 
letters to the Ephesians and two to the Hebrews in the New 
Testament? 

Besides the canonical epistle of the apostle Paul to the 
Ephesians, there is that of the apostle John in the book of 
Hevelation to the same people ; and in addition to the ca- 
nonical epistle of the apostle Paul to the Hebrews, there is 
also the canonical epistle of the apostle James to tlie Twelve 
Tribes, which embraced the whole of the Hebrew people. 

260. How may the Epistle of James be described f 

As the letter of the apostle Paul to Philemon may be 
characterized as the looking-glass for the Christian gentle- 
man, so this epistle of James may be described as the look- 



52 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

ing-glass of the believer — the touchstone of Christian char- 
acter. James declaims with great energy on the glory of 
practical virtue, confining himself almost exclusively to an 
earnest insistence on Christian practice. 

261. What is the nature of the two epistles of the apostle 
Peter? 

The first abounds in incentives to Christian perseverance 
in view of impending trials and persecutions ; while the 
second, which is the apostle's valedictory, is a warning 
against apostasy, the antidote for which is progressive piety 
and implicit trust in the Holy Scriptures. 

262. What are the five precious things of the apostle 
Peter ? 

Faith itself ; the trial of faith; the promises, which are 
exceeding great as well as precious ; the blood of Christ 
with which we are redeemed ; and Christ Himself, who is 
to the believer above all things precious. 

263. Does the apostle Peter speak or write as if he icere 
pope ? 

No ; in no instance does he lay claim to any such primacy 
or ecclesiastical supremacy. On the contrary, in the Acts 
he appears as only a member of the first great council in 
Jerusalem, of which James was the moderator or presiding 
officer; while in his letters he writes to the "elders," ex- 
horting them as one of themselves, being himself also "an 
elder." The apostle Peter was undoubtedly primus inter 
jmres — the first among equals — but possessed no official 
superiority above his brethren. 

26Jf. Of how many hooJcs of the New Testament was the 
apostle John the author ? 

Five ; besides these three epistles, he wrote also the fourth 
gospel and the Apocalypse or the Revelation — the last book 
of the Bible. 

265. What prominence did' John have among the brethren 
of the apostolic college ? 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 53 

He was the disciple whom Jesus loved, and he outlived 
all his brethren, so that his writings are the latest utterance 
of any inspired man. John was therefore the "apostle of 
completion." Peter was the opener, Paul the planter, and 
John the finisher. 

266. What is peculiar about these three epistles ascribed to 
the apostle John ? 

Like "the Hebrews," they are anonymous, the name of 
the apostle nowhere appearing in any one of them. In 
other waj^s, however, it is known that the beloved disciple 
was their author. 

267. How does the writer describe himself in the second 
and third epistles ? 

As "the elder," who, from his great age, character, and 
position, everybody was supposed to know. Thus John and 
Peter were both " elders." 

268. Hoio does the first epistle of John differ from the 
othe)' two f 

The first epistle of John is of the nature of a treatise or 
discourse on the doctrines and duties of Christianity ; while 
the second and third epistles are personal letters, the former 
addressed to ' ' the elect body and her children, ' ' and the latter 
to "the well-beloved Gains," a benevolent gentleman whose 
hospitahty to some Christian missionaries greatly endeared 
him to the "beloved disciple," and whose conduct therein 
the apostle warmly commends. 

269. What are the three favorite words of the apostle John 
which begin with L ? 

Life, light, love. 

270. What are the three definitions of God peculiar to the 
apostle John f 

God is spirit ; God is light ; and God is love. 

271. What is the most characteristic word in the writings 
of the apostle John ? 

Love ; which occurs fifty times in his gospel, and forty- 



54 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

five times in Lis fii-st epistle. Love God and be like Him— 
this is the great idea of the beloved disciple. 

212. What tico persons whose names begin icith D are 
mentioned in the third Epistle of John ? 

Diotrephes, ''who loveth to have the prominence among 
them," domineering, dictatorial, obstructive, and Demetrius 
(not the silversmith of the Acts), the very opposite of Dio- 
trephes the milovely, a man famous for his generosity and 
Christian consistency. Diotreplies the apostle condemns ; 
Demetrius he commends. 

273. What is the gist of the epistle of Jiide ? 

It is a bugle-blast against latitudinarianism. and, like 
second Peter, a warning against apostasy. 

274. In ichat respect does the epistle of Jude resemhle the 
second and third epistles of John? 

In respect of their length. The}' are all three short, being 
each composed of but one chapter. They are the briefest 
independent portions of the entire Bible. 



THE REVELATION. 

275. By what name is the book which constitutes the fourth 
division of the New Testament called 9 

The Apocalypse ; or, the Book of Revelation. 

276. What is the character of this last booh rf the New 
Testament? 

It is a book of wonders— a wonderful book. It is also a 
book of seals, even as it is in itself the great seal of the 
completed volume of divine truth — the splendid dome of 
the glorious temple of Holy Scripture. 

277. What is the grand theme of the Apocalypse ? 

The second advent of Cheist. There is one voice in all its 
epistles, seals, trumpets, vials, plagues, and visions of glory 
and joy — The Lord cometh ! 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 55 

278. What is the one grand disclosure the Apocalypse 
makes f 

That of the final triumph of Christianity over all its ene- 
mies and opposers, and its termination in an endless period 
of glory and happiness. 

279. To what are the triumphs of the Christian Church 
due, according to the Apocalypse ? 

The Blood, The book is bathed in and saturated with the 
Blood. In the midst of its most heavenly scenes it cele- 
brates the atoning Blood. Saints sing and angels speak of 
redemption through the Blood, cleansing in the Blood, and 
victory by the Blood of the Lamb. 

280. What are the seven classes of people in the Apoca- 
lypse loho are called blessed ? 

The doers of the word, the dead in the Lord, the vigilant, 
the marriage guests, those who have part in the first resur- 
rection, the keeper of the sa3ings of the prophecy of this 
book, and they that, doing His commandments, wash their 
robes — these are called blessed. 

281. How many lands of horses are there in the Apoca- 
lypse f 

Four : the white horse of victory, the red horse of war, 
the black horse of mourning, and the pale horse of devas- 
tation and death. 

282. What is the favorite title hy which our Lord is desig- 
nated in the Revelation f 

The same by which He was first pointed out to the mul- 
titude by His forerunner upon His entrance upon His public 
ministry — "The Lamb of God." From the beginning to 
the end, throughout the long conflict and in the midst of 
the glorious issue, there is still the one title for Him Who 
conquers and judges and reigns — "The Lamb." 

283. What are the terms in ivhich the grand final gospel 
invitation of the Bible is couched f 

These : "And the Spirit and the Bride say. Come. And 



56 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

let him that heareth saj^, Come. And let him that is athirst 
come. And whosoever will, let him take the Water 

of Life FREELY." 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

28Jf.. Who are the leading human persoitages in Genesis f 
Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. 

285. Who is the leading human character in the last four 
books of the Pentateuch f 

Moses, the deliverer, the lawgiver, and the founder of the 
Hebrew commonwealth. 

286. Which is distinctively the law book of the Penta- 
teuch? 

Exodus ; therein is contained the Moral Law or the Ten 
Commandments, and the National Covenant, that code of 
laws designed for the special government of the Hebrew 
people. 

287. Which are the tico books of the Bible called after' 
women f 

Ruth and Esther. 

288. In what two books of the Bible is the name of God 
not found ? 

Canticles (the Song of Solomon) and Esther. 

289. What are the fifteen pairs of Genesis ? 

The first pair — Adam and Eve; the two trees of the 
garden — the tree of knowledge of good and evil and the tree 
of life ; the first murderer and his victim — Cain and Abel ; 
the two lines from Adam to Noah — the Cainites and the 
Sethites ; the two wives of Lamech the Cainite — Adah and 
Zillah ; the two sons of Adah — Jabal and Jubal; the two 
children of Zillah — Tubal-cain and Naamah his sister; the 
two sons of Abraham — Isaac and Ishmael ; the two cities 
of the plain destroj'ed by fire from heaven — Sodom and 
Gomorrah ; the names of the two sons of Lot's two daugh- 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 57 

ters — Moab and Amnion ; the twin sons of Isaac and Re- 
bekah — Jacob and Esau ; the .twin sons of Tamar the 
ancestress of our Lord — Pharez and Zarah ; the two wives 
of Jacob — Rachel and Leah ; and his two concubines— Bil- 
hah and Zilpah ; the two sons of Rachel — Joseph and Ben- 
jamin ; and the two sons of Joseph — Ephraim and Man- 



290. What are the seven pairs of Exodus ? 

The two treasure cities built for Pharaoh by the children 
of Israel — Pitlion and Raamses ; the two God-fearing mid- 
wives who saved the men children of the Hebrews alive, 
contrary to the commandment of the king — Shiprah and 
Puah ; the father and mother of IMoses — Amram and Jo- 
chebed ; the two sons of Moses — Gershom and Eliezer ; the 
brother and sister of Moses — Aaron and Miriam ; the two 
aids of Moses — Aaron and Hur ; the two kinds of food 
furnished the Israelites in the wilderness — quails and 
manna. 

291. What are the three pairs of Leviticus f 

The two sons of Aaron who were slain for sacrilege — 
Nadab and Abihu; the two substitutes for these slain 
priests-^Eleazar and Ithamar ; the two pallbearers of Na- 
dab and Abihu — Mishael and Elzaphan. 

292. What are the three pairs of Numbers ? 

The two courageous spies — Caleb and Joshua ; the two 
kings whom Moses slew on his way to Canaan — Sihon, king 
of the Amorites, and Og, king of Bashan ; the prince of 
Israel and the Midianitish woman who were slain for adul- 
tery — Zimri and Cozbi. 

293. What is the one pair of Deuteronomy f 

Gerizim and Ebal — the momit of blessing and the mount 
of cursing. • 

294. What are the four pairs of Judges ? 

The two heroines — Deborah the prophetess and Jael the 
slayer of Sisera ; the two princes of Midian whom the 



58 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Ephraimites slew — Oreb and Zeeb ; the two kings of Mid- 
ian whom Gideon slew — Zebah and Zalmunna; the two 
judges famous for their large families — Ibzan, who had 
thirty sons and as manj daughters, and Abdon, who had 
forty sons and thirty nephews. 

295. What are the two pairs of Ruth ? 

The two sons of Naomi — Mahlon and Chilion ; and her 
two daughters-in-law — Orpah and Ruth. 

296. What are the seven pairs of the two Samuels ? 
The father and mother of Samuel — Elkanah and Hannah ; 

the two wicked sons of Eli the priest — Hophni and Phin- 
eas ; the two degenerate sons of Samuel — Joel and Abijah ; 
the Damon and Pythias of the Bible — David and Jonathan ; 
the two assassins of Ishbosheth, Saul's son — Rechab and 
Baanah; the two men in whose houses the ark of God 
dwelt — Abinadab and Obed-edom ; the two men who drove 
the cart on which the ark was put to be carried to Jerusalem 
— Uzzah and Ahio. 

297. What are the six pairs of the two Kings ? 

The two men whom Solomon put to death on his acces- 
sion to the throne — Joab and Shimei; the two kingdoms 
into which the empire of Solomon was divided — Israel and 
Judah ; the two centres of worship which Jeroboam, the 
first king of Israel, designed to be rivals of Jerusalem — 
Bethel (in the south) and Dan (in the north) ; the two tribes 
which remained loyal to the house of David — Judah and 
Benjamin ; the two great miracle-working prophets of Is- 
rael — Elijah and Elisha ; the two persons who were raised 
from the dead — the son of the widow of Zarephath (by 
Elijah) and the son of the Shunammite (by Elisha). 

298. What are the two pairs of Ezra, f 

Zerubbabel, the builder of the second temple, and Ezra, 
the scribe and religious reformer ; and the prophets Haggai 
and Zechariah, who aided so greatly in the work of the 
restoration. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 59 

299. What are the three pairs in the prophets ? 

The t\A'o prophets sent to Nineveh — Jonah and Nahum ; 
the two prophets of the captivity — Ezekiel and Daniel; 
the two adulterous women in Ezekiel, who are types of the 
spiritual unfaithfulness of Samaria and Jerusalem — Aholah 
and Aholiab. 

300. What are the seven leading pairs of the gospels ? 
The father and mother of John the Baptizer — Zeehariah 

and Elisabeth ; the mother of our Lord and her husband — 
Mary and Joseph ; the two persons mentioned as being 
present in the temple at the presentation of the child 
Jesus — Simeon and Anna; the two heavenly visitants at 
the transfiguration of Jesus — IMoses and Elijah ; the two 
friends of the crucified Saviour — Joseph of Arimathea and 
Nicodemus ; the two women who were last at the cross and 
first at the sepulchre — Mary iMagdalene and Mary the mother 
of James ; the two of the twelve who ran to the sepulchre — 
Peter and John. 

301. Who were the two pairs of brothers among the 
twelve apostles f 

Peter and Andrew, the sons of Jonas ; James and John, 
the sons of Zebedee. 

302. What are the nine leading pairs in the Acts f 

The two candidates for the place in the apostolic college 
made vacant by the defection and death of Judas — Joseph- 
Justus and Matthias, the latter of whom was chosen ; the 
two leading apostles at Pentecost — Peter and John ; the two 
leading apostles in the history in the Acts — Peter and Paul ; 
the two persons punished by death for lying and hypocrisy — 
Ananias and Sapphira ; the first two foreign missionaries — 
Paul and Barnabas; Paul's two converts at Athens — Diony- 
sius and Damaris ; the two governors before whom Paul was 
arraigned — Felix and Festus ; the first two Christian mar- 
tyrs — Stephen the deacon and James the apostle ; the two 
Roman captains into whose hands Paul fell — Lysias and 



60 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

Julius ; tlie two persons raised from the dead — Dorcas (by 
Peter at Joppa) and Eutyehus (by Paul at Tro}^- 

303. What are the four pairs of Paul? 

His two warm friends and helpers — Aquila and his wife 
Priscilla ; the two disciples he ordained as ministers — ^Tim- 
othy and Titus ; the two blasphemers he delivered to Satan 
— Hymeneus and Alexander ; the two prominent men who 
turned away from him in Asia Minor — Phygellus and Her- 
mogenes. 

3OJ1,. What are four great trinities in the Bible f 

The three great subjects of the Bible — God, man, redemp- 
tion ; its three great advents — that of Adam upon earth, 
that of Christ for salvation, and the coming of Christ to 
judgment ; the three chief Christian graces — faith, hope, 
love ; the trinity of trinities — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 

305. What are the three great eras of the worlds history ? 
The Patriarchal, the Mosaic, and the Christian eras. 

306. Wliat are the three great periods in the Jewish national 
history ? 

The theocracy (from Moses to the monarchy), the mon- 
archy, and the restoration. 

307. What is the division of the threefold histoncal hools 
ichich cover the national history of the Jews ? 

The period of the theocracy— Joshua, Judges, and Ruth ; 
the period of the monarchy — the three doubles — the Sam- 
uels, the Kings, and the Chronicles ; the period of the res- 
toration — Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. 

308. What is the threefold division of the prophets ? 

The pre-exile prophets, the prophets of the captivity, and 
the prophets of the restoration. 

309. What are the six leading trinities in Genesis ? 

In the creation story — God, nature, and man ; the three 
sons of Adam — Cain, Abel, and Seth ; the three sons of 
Noah — Shem, Ham, and Japheth ; the three sons of Zerali 
—Abraham, Nahor, and Haran ; the three great ancestors 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 61 

of the Hebrew people — Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; the 
first three great Oriental empires — Egypt, Chaldea, and 
Assyria. 

310. What are the trinities in Exodus ? 

The three divisions of the book itself — Israel in Egypt, 
fi-om Egypt to Sinai, and the transactions at Sinai; the 
three principal events at Sinai — the giving of the law, the 
lapse and restoration of the people, and the erection of the 
tabernacle. 

311. What triplet is mentioned in Leviticus f 

The three great annual festivals of the Jews — the Pass- 
over, Pentecost, and the feast of Tabernacles — the Harvest 
Home of the Hebrew people. 

312. What are the three triplets in Numhers f 

The three leading subjects of the book itself— the camp, 
the march toward Canaan, and the forty years in the wilder- 
ness ; the three rebels — Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, whom 
the earth swallowed ; the three mountains mentioned in con- 
nection with the history — Sinai, whence the people started 
on their march to Canaan, Hor, where Aaron died, and 
Nebo (Pisgah), where the decease of Moses took place. 

313. What are the three great pentateuchal prophecies 
respecting Christ? 

The protevangelium in Genesis (3 : 15) ; the star and 
sceptre prophecy of Balaam in Numbers (24 : 17) ; and the 
prediction of Moses in Deuteronomy (18 : 15) that a great 
prophet like unto himself should appear amongst the people. 

31Jf. What are the two triplets in Joshua ? 

The three cities of refuge on the east side of Jordan — 
Bezer in the wilderness, Bamoth in Gilead, and Golan in 
Bashan ; and the three on the west side — Hebron in Judah, 
Shechem in Ephraim, and Kedesh in Galilee. 

315. What are the five trinities in the monarchical books f 

The three doubles themselves — the Samuels, the Kings, 
and the Chronicles; the three sovereigns of the united 



62 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

kingdom — Saul, David, and Solomon; the three sons of 
Zeruiah who were too much for King David — Joab, Abishai, 
and Asahel ; King David's threefold choice as a punishment 
for his sin in numbering the people — famine, defeat, pesti- 
lence ; the three captive kings of Judah — Jehoiakim, Jelioi- 
achin, and Zedekiah. 

316. What are the trinities of the restoration era ? 

The three books which treat of the era itself — Ezra, Nehe- 
miah, and Esther ; the three leading men in the restoration 
— Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah ; the three prophets of 
the restoration — Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi ; the three 
obstructionists in Nehemiah — Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah 
the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian. 

317. What are the trinities in Job f 

The patriarch's three friends— EUphaz the Temanite, 
Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite ; the three 
animals in Job — the Arabian war-horse, the behemoth, and 
the leviathan ; Job's three daughters, born to him after his 
affliction — Jemima, Kezia, and Karen-happuch. 

318. What are the names of the three Hebrew prophetesses f 
Miriam, Deborah, and Huldah. 

319. What three children of the prophet Hosea had their 
names given to them by God Himself? 

Jezreel, Lo-ruhamah, and Lo-ammi. 

320. What three persons were raised from the dead in the 
Old Testament ? 

The son of the widow of Zarephath (by Elijah), that of 
the Shunammite woman (by Elisha), and the man who re- 
vived and stood upon his feet when he was let down into 
the sepulchre of Elisha and touched the bones of the 
prophet. 

321. What three persons did our Lord raise from ■ the 
dead ? 

Jairus' daughter, the son of the widow of Nain, and His 
friend Lazarus, the brother of Martha and Mary. 



THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 63 

322. Who^ besides the prophet hiniseJf, loere the three heroes 
in Daniel f 

Shadrach, Meshacli, and Abednego, who were cast into 
the burning fiery furnace because they refused to worship 
the golden image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had set 
up. 

323. Who were the three children besides Jesus ivhose 
names were alike foretold f 

Isaac, Ishmael, and John the Baptizer. 
32 Jf. Which are the three synoptic gospels ? 
Matthew, Mark, and Luke. 

325. What are three iniportant scenes in the early life of 
Jesus f 

His flight into Egypt, His presentation in the temple, and 
His appearance among the doctors. 

326. Who were the three favorite disciples of Jesus? 
Peter, James, and John. 

327. What were the three most dramatic scenes in the life 
of Jesus? 

His transfiguration. His crucifixion, and His ascension. 

328. What were the three principal sects among the Jews 
in the time of Christ? 

The Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Herodians. 

329. Who are the three leading characters in the Acts 
whose names begin with P? 

Peter the preacher, Philip the evangehst, and Paul the 
missionary — Peter, Philip, and Paul. 

330. What are three marked periods in the life of the 
apostle Paul ? 

His persecution of Christ, his conversion to Christ, and 
his labors and suiferings for Christ. 

331. What were the three most exciting episodes in the life 
of the apostle Paul ? 

His address to the Athenians on Mars' Hill, his address 
to the excited Jews from the steps of the castle of Antonia 



64 THE BIBLE CATECHIST. 

at Jerasalem, and his address before Agrippa in "his own 
defence. 

332. What were the three capitals associated icith the Apos- 
tolic Church ? 

Jerusalem, Antiocli in Syria, and Ephesus in Asia Minor. 

333. Who are three military men mentioned in the Acts ? 
Cornelius, Lysias, and Julius — Roman centurions. 

33Ji,. Who are the three most famous women of the Apos- 
tolic Church f 

Dorcas, a woman of Joppa, fiill of good words and alms- 
deeds which she did, and whom the apostle Peter raised 
from the dead ; Phebe, who was a servant of the church 
which was at Cenchrea ; and Priscilla, who was a helper of 
the apostle Paul. 

385. What are the five trinities of the apostle Paul? 

His threefold benediction — grace, mercy, and peace ; his 
three chief graces — faith, hope, and charity ; his three parts 
of human personality — body, soul, and spirit ; ,this three de- 
serters — ^Phj^gellus, Hermogenes, and Demas; his three 
opposers — Demetrius the silversmith, illexander the cop- 
persmith, and Satan the great adversary. 

336. What are the trinities in James f 

The three steps to ruin — ^lust, sin, death ; the three attri- 
butes of worldly wisdom — earthlj^, sensual, devilish. 

337. What were the three political divisions of the Holy 
Land in the time of Christ? 

Judea, Samaria, and Galilee — the southern, central, and 
northern division. 

338. What were the three cities of Jesus ? 
Bethlehem, where He was born ; Nazareth, where He was 

brought up ; and Capernaum, where most of His mighty 
works were done. 



THE 



BIBLE CATECHIST 



AN INSTRUCTION 



BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION FOR THE YOUNG 



BY THE 

Rev. W.^H. GILL, D.D. 

Author op " The Temple Opened " 



PHILADELPHIA 

PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION 
AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK 

No. 1334 Chestnut Street 



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